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Culture Medium
A culture medium (also known as growth medium or cell culture medium) is a liquid or solid formulation containing the necessary nutrients and environmental conditions required for the growth and maintenance of living cells, tissues, or microorganisms. Culture media are widely used in biological research, biotechnology, and clinical diagnostics. There are several types of culture…
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Protocol for COS-7
COS-7 cells are a widely used fibroblast-like cell line derived from African green monkey kidney cells. They are often employed for the production of recombinant proteins and the study of protein function, gene expression, and viral replication. Here is a general protocol for culturing COS-7 cells: Please note that this is a general protocol, and…
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Dulbecco’s MEM
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) is a widely used cell culture medium designed to support the growth of mammalian cells in vitro. It was developed by Italian-American virologist Renato Dulbecco and American biologist Marguerite Vogt in the late 1950s, as an adaptation of the earlier Eagle’s Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) formulated by Harry Eagle. DMEM…
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Viral Genome
A viral genome is the genetic material of a virus, which encodes the information required for the virus to replicate, assemble, and infect host cells. Viral genomes can be composed of either DNA or RNA and can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds). The size and organization of viral genomes vary widely, depending on the…
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Mutations
Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of an organism’s genome. They can occur naturally due to errors during DNA replication, exposure to mutagens (such as chemicals, radiation, or certain viruses), or through genetic recombination. It can also be deliberately introduced using genetic engineering techniques. Mutations can range in size from a single nucleotide change…
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Deletions
Deletions, in the context of genetics and molecular biology, refer to the removal of one or more nucleotide bases from a DNA sequence. Deletions can occur naturally as a result of errors during DNA replication, repair, or recombination, or due to the action of mobile genetic elements such as transposons. Deletions can also be deliberately…
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Insertions
In the context of genetics and molecular biology, insertions refer to the addition of one or more nucleotide bases into a DNA sequence. Insertions can occur naturally due to errors during DNA replication or as a result of external factors, such as exposure to mutagens. In some cases, insertions can also be deliberately introduced into…
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Kidney Cells
Kidney cells, also known as renal cells, are specialized cell types found in the kidneys, which are essential organs responsible for filtering waste products, excess water, and electrolytes from the blood to form urine. The kidneys also help regulate blood pressure, maintain the body’s acid-base balance, and produce various hormones that influence other physiological processes.…
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SV40 T-antigen
SV40 T-antigen, also known as the large T-antigen or LT, is a multifunctional protein encoded by the simian virus 40 (SV40), a polyomavirus originally discovered in rhesus monkey kidney cells. The T-antigen plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle and is essential for viral replication, transcription, and transformation of host cells. Some of…
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COS-7 Fibroblast-like Cells
COS-7 cells are a fibroblast-like cell line derived from the kidney of the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). These cells were established in the 1960s as a subclone of the original COS (CV-1 in Origin with SV40 genes) cell line, which was transformed with an origin-defective mutant of the simian virus 40 (SV40) genome. COS-7…